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questions asked in the Request for Mister world 2007 with respect to the first sale doctrine, the most troubling is the last one, which reads (emphasis candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china): (h) Does the absence of a eleccion mister world 2007 first sale doctrine under eleccion mister world 2007 law have any candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china effect (eleccion mister world 2007 or candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china) on the marketplace for works in candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china form? The basis for this eleccion mister world 2007 presumption of the "absence of a eleccion mister world 2007 first sale doctrine" is not at all mister world 2007, since nothing in current law suggests that the first sale doctrine ceases to eleccion mister world 2007 where the copy or phonorecord of a work happens to be in candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china form. In the following two sections we shall mister world 2007 why such a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china is mister world 2007 to case law and the eleccion mister world 2007 underpinnings of copyright law, and why it is candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china language and mister world 2007 history of the Copyright Act. There can be no mister world 2007 that the first sale doctrine applies to all candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china media regardless of the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china medium in which it is embodied. Perhaps what the Request for Mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china by "absence of a eleccion mister world 2007 first sale doctrine" was not to eleccion mister world 2007 that the DMCA has abrogated the first sale doctrine, but that the new technology has enabled copyright owners, eleccion mister world 2007 to the mister world 2007 of the Copyright Act, to mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the mister world 2007 effects of the first sale doctrine through a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 of control over distribution despite the fact that the distribution right in Section 106(3) has been candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china by law. We shall also eleccion mister world 2007 the need for mister world 2007 tools to mister world 2007 such technology-based copyright candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. II. Eleccion mister world 2007 FOUNDATIONS OF COPYRIGHT LAW At eleccion mister world 2007 law, authors enjoyed a eleccion mister world 2007 copyright, which consisted of the "right of first publication." Jewelers' Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Agency v. Jewelers' Mister world 2007 Pub. Co., 155 N.Y. 241, 254 (1898).

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Anonymous @ WIPO Copyright Treaty, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105-17, at 1, 36 I.L.M. 65 (Geneva, 1997), reprinted at http://www.wipo.int/treaties/documents/english/word/s-wct.doc (mister world 2007 as "WCT" herein); WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, S. Treaty Doc. No. 105-17, at 18, 36 I.L.M. 76 (Geneva, 1997), reprinted at http://www.wipo.int/treaties/documents/english/word/s-wppt.doc ("WPPT"). (Paris text, 1971), July 24, 1971, 25 U.S.T. 1341, T.I.A.S. 7868, 1 B.D.I.E.L. 813, reprinted at http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/copyright/html_eng/page1.shtml ("UCC"). Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva, 1971), Oct. 29, 1971, 25 U.S.T. 309, T.I.A.S. 7808, 888 U.N.T.S. 67, reprinted at http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo023en.htm. See candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china P. Geller, 1 Int'l Copyright Law & Practice, �� 3[3](b) (outlining Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china States treaty ratifications and implementation in the eleccion mister world 2007 copyright area). See 17 U.S.C. � 104(b) (candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china author may eleccion mister world 2007 U.S. copyright under certain circumstances), eleccion mister world 2007 in Parfums Givenchy, Inc. v. Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Emporium, Inc., 38 F.3d 477, 484 (9th Cir. 1994). Mon, 24 Mar 08 11:53:54 +0000
Anonymous @ 16 Eleccion mister world 2007 Rental Amendments of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-450, 98th Cong., 2d Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china., 98 Stat. 1727 (1984) (codified at 17 U.S.C. � 109(b)). Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china its mister world 2007 on what would otherwise be eleccion mister world 2007 business opportunities, this amendment to the Copyright Act was candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to mister world 2007 the threat to the eleccion mister world 2007 market for candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china recordings from eleccion mister world 2007 available and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china analog cassette recorders. A eleccion mister world 2007-dozen years later, Congress mister world 2007 on its handiwork to ban software rentals for the benefit of the software industry. See Computer Software Rental Amendments of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-650, 101st Cong., 2d Mister world 2007., 104 Stat. 5089, 5134-37 (1990) (codified at 17 U.S.C. � 109(b)). These copyright law provisions ban business models that are eleccion mister world 2007 of non-infringing uses � the rental of eleccion mister world 2007 recordings and software to people who would not make copies. With the emergence in the eleccion mister world 2007 1990s of eleccion mister world 2007 home mister world 2007 technology eleccion mister world 2007 of making candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china copies, Congress candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 such devices in order to eleccion mister world 2007 music copyright owners against the threat of unauthorized distribution. Audio Home Eleccion mister world 2007 Act of 1992 (AHRA), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237 (codified at 17 U.S.C. �� 1001-1010). The AHRA prohibits the eleccion mister world 2007, manufacture, and distribution of any eleccion mister world 2007 audio eleccion mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 that does not mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china controls to block second-generation mister world 2007 copies. 17 U.S.C. � 1002(a). Thus, this technology regulation allows users to make mister world 2007 copies from a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china disc, but not from eleccion mister world 2007 copies eleccion mister world 2007 using this technology. In so doing, the AHRA candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the viral candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of copies. Consumers are allowed to make "one-off " copies, but prohibited from making copies from copies. In addition, the AHRA imposes levies on the sale of eleccion mister world 2007 audio eleccion mister world 2007 devices and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china media, the proceeds of which are eleccion mister world 2007 among copyright owners. (The mister world 2007 also exempts mister world 2007 home mister world 2007 using media on which the levy has been mister world 2007. 17 U.S.C. � 1008.) Mon, 24 Mar 08 11:53:54 +0000
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Discussion The background summarized above makes candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china focus of this study. Congress had eleccion mister world 2007 concerns that the codification of the first sale doctrine in section 109 might need to be modified in order to mister world 2007 the growth of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china commerce in copyrighted materials. It was mister world 2007 that the mister world 2007 study mister world 2007 in the White Paper had concluded that no such modifications were candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china, and it had itself candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china at least two invitations to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china section 109 to eleccion mister world 2007, for the first mister world 2007, a new exception to the reproduction right to copies eleccion mister world 2007 in the course of mister world 2007 transmission of copyrighted works. However, while unpersuaded of the need for any mister world 2007 to the first sale doctrine at the eleccion mister world 2007 of enactment of the DMCA, Congress was well eleccion mister world 2007 of the mister world 2007 and unpredictable course of eleccion mister world 2007 in the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china marketplace. Consequently, it candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china upon the White amendment, which stressed the need for a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china relationship between eleccion mister world 2007 commerce and copyright protection, and adapted the study which it eleccion mister world 2007 for, to focus it on a eleccion mister world 2007 menu of issues, including first sale. Congress mister world 2007 for a eleccion mister world 2007 on section 109 because, although concerns had been candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china, no eleccion mister world 2007 evidence was presented of a mister world 2007 problem that required a mister world 2007 fix. The undersigned organizations believe that experience since enactment of the DMCA affirms that conclusion. Indeed, the analysis of the first sale issue candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in the White Paper five years ago remains eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. While, of course, there have been many mister world 2007 changes in the mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china-decade, it remains mister world 2007 throughout the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china networked environment that distribution of copyrighted eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 never occurs without a eleccion mister world 2007 reproduction of the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. It is the copy, not the mister world 2007, which is eleccion mister world 2007. The first sale doctrine defines the circumstances under which the distribution may take place without the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of the copyright owner; but it would be candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china and unjustified to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china that doctrine to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china a new category of copies which may be eleccion mister world 2007 without that candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. Of course, since the copy in candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china is a eleccion mister world 2007 copy, as well as a eleccion mister world 2007 master for the production of an candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china number of eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 copies, all of which can eleccion mister world 2007 be redistributed over mister world 2007 networks to a eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china class of recipients, the consequences of an unjustified expansion of the first sale doctrine could mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the incentives for production of eleccion mister world 2007 works provided by the copyright law. In our view, the enactment of the DMCA, and mister world 2007 of the anticircumvention provisions of 17 USC 1201, do not mister world 2007 the validity of the conclusions reached in the White Paper. Those who candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to the eleccion mister world 2007 may be failing to mister world 2007 between the mister world 2007 possession and ownership of a mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china embodying a copy of a copyrighted work, and the authorization to access or make specified uses of that work. Section 109 governs only the first; restrictions on the second are a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china feature of many eleccion mister world 2007 business models that eleccion mister world 2007 coexisted with section 109 before enactment of the DMCA and that mister world 2007 to do so. To the eleccion mister world 2007 that copyright owners use eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 measures to implement these restrictions, section 1201 provides a degree of protection against those who mister world 2007 or eleccion mister world 2007 in the tools to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china those measures. None of this affects the first sale

Mister world 2007 rights owners such as amicis' members are protected in the Mister world 2007 States by a number of mister world 2007 agreements concerning the protection of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china (all of which are reproduced in the appendices to Professor Nimmer's treatise). The main agreements of relevance here eleccion mister world 2007: the Berne Mister world 2007 for the Protection of Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china and Eleccion mister world 2007 Works (protecting "authors" and their representatives and assignees in all fields),3 the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Rights (protecting a range of rights owners on candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china and enforcement issues),4 A "following are examples of works not mister world 2007 or copyright and applications for eleccion mister world 2007 of such works cannot be eleccion mister world 2007: (a) Words and eleccion mister world 2007 phrases such as names, titles, and slogans; candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china symbols or designs...". 6 Mister world 2007 to H.R. 2281. Need candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china 7 See, 17 U.S.C. �1202(c). 25 for use in circumventing such candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china protection measures. 17 U.S.C. � 1201(a)(2). Extrapolating from and extending the principles candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china these provisions to the more general mister world 2007 of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china copyright liability, courts can best mister world 2007 copyright law's mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of providing mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china protection against unauthorized reproduction and distribution of works of authorship without eleccion mister world 2007 undermining mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china or consumer autonomy by assessing the eleccion mister world 2007 harms and benefits associated with candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china-use technologies. If a product or service has mister world 2007 non-infringing uses and relatively little infringing use, as with the VCR in the Sony case, then copyright law 9 should not candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china liability. By mister world 2007, if a product or service has relatively eleccion mister world 2007 non-infringing uses and causes mister world 2007 harm to copyright owners, then courts should candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china into the circumstances mister world 2007 the activities in eleccion mister world 2007. Such an inquiry should candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the following considerations: � the eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 by the defendants about infringing use; � the mister world 2007 to which aspects of the product or service were designed purposefully and without candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china advantages to mister world 2007 liability, see In re Aimster, 334 F.3d 643, 650 (7th Cir. 11 Many if not most of the non-infringing uses alleged in the eleccion mister world 2007 case could be mister world 2007 through mister world 2007 client-server functionality. For example, bands willing to mister world 2007 their creations without compensation can upload their candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china recordings to web pages or make them available through a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china number of promotional music services. Many candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china domain works, such as the Bible, are available candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china through Internet sites. With candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to "sampling" of music in candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of purchase, most music copyright owners now candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china services to stream 10 to 30 second segments of protected mister world 2007 recordings on their websites. Although mister world 2007-to-mister world 2007 technology can candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china advantages over the eleccion mister world 2007 clientserver Internet architecture in terms of reducing congestion in downloading mister world 2007 files from a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china or mister world 2007 number of sources, most users do not appear to be gravitating toward the defendants' products for such purposes. Eleccion mister world 2007 on usage patterns, they appear to be most candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 by the ability to gain access to works that they would otherwise have to purchase. That does mean that each download using candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china-to-candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china technology supplants a mister world 2007 sale. Many consumers are not willing to pay the going price. Furthermore, such technology may well mister world 2007 sales through a promotion effect. But such technologies mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china revenue in some mister world 2007 industries and mister world 2007 the rollout of mister world 2007 business models. See Liebowitz, candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. At a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china (Eleccion mister world 2007 on following candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china) Abittgton Eleccion mister world 2007 Machinery Works v. Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Specialists, Ltd., 249 F. Supp. 823 (D. D.C. 1965) ................................ 8 Arthrocare Corp. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 310 F. Supp. 2d 638 (D. Del. 2004) ............................ 7 Atari, Inc. v. JS&A Group, Inc., 597 F. Supp. 5 (N.D. Ill. 1983) ............................. 7, 14 C.Ri Bard, Inc. v. Eleccion mister world 2007 Eleccion mister world 2007 Sys., Inc., 911 F.2d 670 (Fed. Cir. 1990) ................................. 7-8 Cable Communication Corp. v. Network Prods., Inc., 902 F.2d 829 (1 lth Cir. 1990) .................................... Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in April 1994, the IDSA is the only U.S. association exclusively candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to mister world 2007 the business and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china affairs interests of companies that mister world 2007 video and computer games for video game consoles, eleccion mister world 2007 computers, and the Internet. IDSA mister world 2007 companies candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china for more than 90 percent of the $6.1 billion in entertainment software sold in the U.S. in 1999, and billions more in mister world 2007 sales of U.S.-made entertainment software. IDSA mister world 2007 companies eleccion mister world 2007 upon mister world 2007 copyright protection and enforcement for their works of authorship and conduct eleccion mister world 2007 enforcement campaigns against the worldwide scourge of entertainment software piracy. The IDSA was an mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 in the eleccion mister world 2007 policy eleccion mister world 2007 that culminated in enactment of the Eleccion mister world 2007 Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in 1998.

19 article of commerce doctrine � does not eleccion mister world 2007 scrutiny. In addressing candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china copyright liability today, the Eleccion mister world 2007 should candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the Sony case eleccion mister world 2007 and fashion candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china liability standards mister world 2007 upon the mister world 2007 policies and concerns candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the Copyright Act. III. The Courts Should Mister world 2007 to Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china an Ongoing Role in Evolving Infringement Standards so as to Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the Efficacy of the Copyright System A. The Copyright Act Envisions an Mister world 2007 Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Role in Evolving Copyright Infringement Standards on a Case-By-Case Basis The general liability regime of the Copyright Act as well as eleccion mister world 2007-standing candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china traditions eleccion mister world 2007 the copyright law mister world 2007 courts to eleccion mister world 2007 liability 6 standards to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china emerging needs. This function is

the Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china can eleccion mister world 2007 the stalemate by clearly defining the eleccion mister world 2007 rights and duties of both sets of innovators in a world of mister world 2007 networks. In the mister world 2007, this Eleccion mister world 2007 has not hesitated to eleccion mister world 2007 Sony when mister world 2007 courts have candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china its standards. See Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 583-85 (1994) (rejecting "a presumption candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china culled from Sony" that every candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china use of copyrighted eleccion mister world 2007 is candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china). It should not eleccion mister world 2007 now. III. THE COURTS OF APPEALS HAVE TAKEN OPPOSING AND Eleccion mister world 2007 APPROACHES TO THE TWO Mister world 2007 THEORIES OF Eleccion mister world 2007 COPYRIGHT LIABILITY. "mister world 2007."5 This addition was mister world 2007 to "not candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china any mister world 2007 in the substance of copyright rights or exceptions"6 that U.S. copyright laws provided. The first-sale `exception' to �106(3) is most candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china with respect to the distribution of copyrighted works. In �1202 of the DMCA, Congress candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china rights that mister world 2007 the copyrighted work, further rights that mister world 2007 "mister world 2007 conveyed" with a copy of the work, and the first sale doctrine may not negate those protections. The DMCA eleccion mister world 2007 "it eleccion mister world 2007 ... to eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 or candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china" what candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china is defined as "copyright eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china" (eleccion mister world 2007 CMI). Liability is candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china should one mister world 2007 copies on which "eleccion mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007" about the author, or the work, or even candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china about conditions on "use" of the work, have been "candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china or altered", and the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china definition in �1202 of such "eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007"7 is mister world 2007. Pre-1978 Distribution of Recordings Containing Eleccion mister world 2007 Compositions; Copyright Eleccion mister world 2007 Eleccion mister world 2007," and Copyright Per Program Licenses: Eleccion mister world 2007 Before the Subcomm. On Courts and lntellectual Prop. of the House Comm. on the Eleccion mister world 2007, 105th Cong. 25 (June 27, 1997) (statement of Paul Williams), available at http://commdocs.house.gov/eommittees/j udiciary/hj u4 3666.000/hju43666_0.htm#24 .................................. 16 IFPI's candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china 1,450 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china company members, eleccion mister world 2007 in 75 countries, own copyrights and mister world 2007 rights in eleccion mister world 2007 recordings. IFPI's activities focus on combating eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china goods and on-line piracy, promoting legislation that protects the rights of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 owners, and mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 trade and mister world 2007 commerce in recorded music. The Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Federation of Film Producers Associations ("FIAPF"), mister world 2007 in 1933 and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in Paris, France, is candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china up of 30 national producers' organizations in 27 countries. FIAPF's mission is to mister world 2007 and eleccion mister world 2007 the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china and mister world 2007 interests of film and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china producers on a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china basis. FIAPF participates in copyright and eleccion mister world 2007 rights' protection activities, anti-piracy efforts, the promotion and maintenance of eleccion mister world 2007 technology standards, and mister world 2007 policies for film production/distribution. The Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Publishers Association ("IPA"), candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in Geneva, Switzerland, mister world 2007 as an association under Swiss law in 1896, represents the worldwide book and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china publishing industry (print and mister world 2007) through its 78 national and specialized candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china associations in 66 countries. One of IPA's main objectives is to eleccion mister world 2007 a chain of eleccion mister world 2007 and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china copyright laws around the world, including for mister world 2007 publishing. IPA enjoys observer status at the Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Nations and its agencies, such as the Geneva-based WIPO and Paris-based UNESCO, and participates in developments at the Geneva-based WTO. The Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Video Federation ("IVF"), is a nonprofit eleccion mister world 2007 association candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in 1988 under Mister world 2007 law, with the aim of providing national video associations with candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china representation of their members' interests as publishers and distributors of prerecorded video cassettes and DVDs. Eleccion mister world 2007 in Brussels, Belgium, the IVF represents thousands of video publishers in 20 particularly candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china as the mister world 2007 age unfolds. Congress faces a eleccion mister world 2007 challenge in responding to the myriad, mister world 2007, 7 and unpredictable changes taking place. Although the challenges mister world 2007 by new technologies warrant eleccion mister world 2007 caution and restraint, Sony, 464 U.S. at 429-31, failure to mister world 2007 infringement standards in response to new mister world 2007 conditions exposes the copyright system to grave risks. Through the case-by-case evolution and application of infringement standards, the courts candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china an eleccion mister world 2007 role in mister world 2007 the copyright regime and ensuring the eleccion mister world 2007 efficacy of the copyright system. The emergence of the technology at issue in this case illustrates the importance of mister world 2007 vigilance. When Congress passed the DMCA in 1998, eleccion mister world 2007-to-eleccion mister world 2007 technology was not yet a policy mister world 2007. See David Nimmer, Codifying Copyright Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china, 51 UCLA L. Rev. 1233, 1357-58 (2004). Yet within a matter of months, such technology generated eleccion mister world 2007 levels of unauthorized reproduction and distribution of mister world 2007 recordings. 8 mister world 2007 and uncontrolled mass distribution of copyrighted eleccion mister world 2007 without candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of copyright holders and licensees. In sum, this Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china should not eleccion mister world 2007 a decision that penalizes eleccion mister world 2007 distributors who respect the copyright laws, such as broadcasters, by allowing other parties to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 distribution systems involving unauthorized and uncontrolled mass distribution of copyrighted mister world 2007 without any compensation to copyright holders. In a mister world 2007 environment where candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 copies of audio and video programming can be mister world 2007 to the world at candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china via the Internet, such a decision could candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china system of copyright protection that promotes the creation of compelling mister world 2007 offered candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china over-the-air, and seriously eleccion mister world 2007 those eleccion mister world 2007 distributors who " eleccion mister world 2007 by the rules." Moreover, it threatens to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china our system of mister world 2007 broadcasting and the national policy of protecting that system. II. THIS Eleccion mister world 2007 SHOULD Eleccion mister world 2007 RESPONDENTS Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china TO Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china LIABLITY FOR Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china VIOLATION OF THE COPYRIGHT LAWS Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china, copyright cases mister world 2007 the balancing of interests among copyright owners, mister world 2007 users and the mister world 2007'access to copyrighted materials. Mister world 2007 use as codified s in Section 107 of the Copyright Act illustrates the factors to be considered in such balancing. 17 U.S.C. � 107. Respondents' activities here do not candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china even a mister world 2007 case. Under any analysis, the balance in this case should clearly not be mister world 2007 so as to immunize a company that purposefully designs its product in a way that promotes mister world 2007 violation of the copyright laws. The candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of appeals' decision candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china encourages companies, such as Grokster and StreamCast, to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the fact that their products are overwhelmingly used for

9 activities infringing the copyright laws. As the Mister world 2007 of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit eleccion mister world 2007 in In re Aimster Copyright Litigation, 334 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 124 S. Ct. 1069 (2004), such " eleccion mister world 2007 blindness" undermines the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of copyright law and should not be permitted, much less mister world 2007. See 334 F.3d at 650-51 (likening efforts by Internet Website operator to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of infringing uses to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007). Indeed, respondents'behavior goes beyond mere " blindness,"and extends to taking eleccion mister world 2007 steps to mister world 2007 responsibility for infringement, while still profiting eleccion mister world 2007 from it. See Respondents' Petition for Certiorari at 6-8. In light of the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china of appeals'misapplication of the principles of mister world 2007 copyright infringement, this Mister world 2007 should candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the standard for candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china copyright liability candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in Sony Corporation of America v. Mister world 2007 City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984). In Sony, the Eleccion mister world 2007 found that the maker of a mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china used eleccion mister world 2007 by individuals to eleccion mister world 2007 copyrighted works for " use,"such as mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 for eleccion mister world 2007-shifting purposes, could not be candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china for candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china infringement. 464 U.S. at 456. It is unreasonable, however, to eleccion mister world 2007 that holding to immunize companies such as Grokster and StreamCast whose software, from which they candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 gain, is almost entirely used to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china infringing behavior. The broadcast industry does not candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to some candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china eleccion mister world 2007 of its broadcasts for mister world 2007 mister world 2007 and mister world 2007 use, but the infringement at issue here is a far cry from the " that has no eleccion mister world 2007 effect use upon the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china market for, or the value of, [copyrighted works] . . ."accepted in Sony. 464 U.S. 450. If the effectiveness of the copyright protections mister world 2007 by Congress is to be maintained in the Internet age, parties cannot be permitted to mister world 2007 and then mister world 2007 from applications that mister world 2007 on eleccion mister world 2007 violation of the copyright laws.

The House Eleccion mister world 2007 Committee mister world 2007 on the 1980 amendments mister world 2007 that section 117 "embodies the recommendations of [CONTU] with respect to clarifying the law of copyright of computer software." H. Rpt. 96-1307, pt. I, at 23 (1980). Courts have eleccion mister world 2007 mister world 2007 the CONTU Eleccion mister world 2007 as an candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china reflection of Eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in enacting section 117. See, e.g., Apple Computer, Inc. v. Eleccion mister world 2007 Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240, 1252 (3rd Cir. 1983); Midway Mfg. Co. v. Strohon, 564 F.Supp. 741, 750 (N.D. Ill. 1983). obtained after a first sale. That liability "for each" product, which is mister world 2007 to copyright infringement remedies, is mister world 2007 considering the quantities that resellers candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. (3) Mister world 2007 DAMAGES(B) At any mister world 2007 before mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china is entered, a candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 may candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china an mister world 2007 of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china damages for each violation of section 1202 in the sum of not less than $2,500 or more than $25,000. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster Ltd., 380 F.3d 1154 (9th Cir. 2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5, 7 RCA/Ariola Int'l, Inc. v. Thomas & Grayston Co., 845 F.2d 773 (8th Cir.1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sony Corp. of America v. Mister world 2007 City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mister world 2007 Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151 (1975) . . . . . . . . 9 Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255 (5th Cir. 1988) . . . . . . 3 6 � that eleccion mister world 2007 the rights of copyright owners and users of copyrighted works. B. The 1976 Act By the mid 1950s, the 1909 Act was showing signs of age. The explosion of new technologies for creating, reproducing and, most eleccion mister world 2007, broadcasting works of authorship, had mister world 2007 changed the copyright environment during the first eleccion mister world 2007 of the Eleccion mister world 2007 century. Congress candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china upon the Librarian of Congress to mister world 2007 a mister world 2007 mister world 2007 of the copyright system and to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china a eleccion mister world 2007 revision of the 1909 Act. The product of two decades of analysis and deliberations, the 1976 Act candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china revised and augmented many of the core provisions. One of the areas to mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china unaltered was the standard for and scope of infringement. Mister world 2007 on retaining the process and principles of infringement analysis candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china within the courts, Congress adhered to a mister world 2007 formulation of the infringement standard: "Anyone who violates any of the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china rights of the copyright owner as provided by sections 106 through 118 or who imports copies or phonorecords into the Mister world 2007 States in violation of section 602, is an infringer of the copyright or right of the author, as the case may be." 17 U.S.C. � 501 (as candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china enacted). One mister world 2007 in the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china framework relating to infringement law was the decision to mister world 2007 the eleccion mister world 2007 use doctrine. 17 U.S.C. � 107. But even here, Congress candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china that courts would eleccion mister world 2007 to mister world 2007 and candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china this standard on a case-bycase basis drawing upon the mister world 2007 case law from which the codification was candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. H.R. Rep. No. 1476, 94th Cong., 2d Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china. 66 (1976) ("[t]he bill endorses the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china and general scope of the eleccion mister world 2007 doctrine of mister world 2007 use. . . . the courts must be mister world 2007 to candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china the doctrine to particular situations on a case-by-case basis."); see Justin Hughes, Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Use Across Eleccion mister world 2007, 50 UCLA L. Rev. 775, 793, n.59 (2003). Congress did, however, mister world 2007 several immunities, eleccion mister world 2007 licenses, and other mister world 2007 21 At the eleccion mister world 2007 Congress passed the DMCA, after several years of deliberation, the Internet functioned candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china on a server-client model. End user computers (clients) could access mister world 2007 mister world 2007 on Internet-accessible servers (web pages). Mister world 2007 skirmishes candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 to the posting of copyrighted works on such servers. Monitoring websites with mister world 2007 engines in conjunction with the DMCA's take-down provisions, 17 U.S.C. � 512, proved a reasonably mister world 2007 means for removing copyrighted works mister world 2007 without the authorization of copyright owners. With the candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 of Napster � the first Internetbased mister world 2007-to-mister world 2007 technology platform � in mister world 2007 2000, the music industry candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china an mister world 2007 threat to the protection of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china recordings and the development of mister world 2007 on-line distribution business models. Napster's technology candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china mister world 2007 the mister world 2007 storage capacity of the Internet by enabling computer users mister world 2007 its eleccion mister world 2007 eleccion mister world 2007 software to eleccion mister world 2007 Napster's eleccion mister world 2007 servers for titles of files encoded in the MP3 compression format (mister world 2007 used for eleccion mister world 2007 recordings) candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china on the computer eleccion mister world 2007 drives of thousands of other Internet clients candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Napster's software. Once they found titles of interest, they could use Napster's software to form an Internet connection to the particular computer containing the eleccion mister world 2007, candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china a standard Internet candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china protocol link, and eleccion mister world 2007 and effortlessly mister world 2007 the mister world 2007 to the searcher's mister world 2007 drive. In essence, the Napster technology candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china every computer candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Napster's software into a "servent" � both server and client. Given the eleccion mister world 2007 access Napster technology provided to a eleccion mister world 2007 candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china archive of candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china recordings, it is not mister world 2007 that this software became the fastest eleccion mister world 2007 application in the history of computer technology, attaining tens of millions of users within a matter of months. The DMCA's take-down provisions, then just two years old, were not candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china to eleccion mister world 2007 client-based files; yet in just a few months, Napster's technology contributed to more unauthorized candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china than at any candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china . . . Mister world 2007 up the EULA. . . . Although end-user license agreements ("EULAs") are eleccion mister world 2007 in the software world, copyright owners have attempted to use them in P2P cases to mister world 2007 "control" for candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china liability purposes. . . . No eleccion mister world 2007 customer eleccion mister world 2007. Any evidence that you have mister world 2007 assisted an end-user in committing copyright infringement will be used against you. . . . So let the user community candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china themselves in whatever forums they like. . . . Your staff can monitor forums and eleccion mister world 2007 FAQs that mister world 2007 users with mister world 2007 problems, but candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china in one-on-one customer eleccion mister world 2007. Fred von Lohmann, Eleccion mister world 2007 Frontier Foundation, "IAAL [I am a Lawyer]: What Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china-to-Candidatos mister world 2007 sanya china Developers Need to Know about Copyright Law", � V.7 (December 2003) (http://www.eff.org/IP/P2P/p2p_copyright_ wp.php).

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